Growth: With or Without Scale Effects?

Growth: With or Without Scale Effects?

The discovery of new ideas is the engine of growth in many recent growth models. As emphasized by Paul Romer (1986, 1990), ideas are different from most goods analyzed in economics in that they are nonrivalrous: the use of an idea by one person does not preclude, at a technological level, the simultaneous use of the idea by another person, or even by many people. This leads to a tight link betw...

Growth without Scale Effects

Scale-free networks without growth

In this paper, we proposed an ungrowing scale-free network model, indicating the growth may not be a necessary condition of the self-organization of a network in a scale-free structure. The analysis shows that the degree distributions of the present model can varying from the Poisson form to the power-law form with the decrease of a free parameter α. This model provides a possible mechanism for...

Effects of Probiotics with or without Honey on Radiation-induced Diarrhea

Background: Diarrhea is a well-recognized side effect associated with pelvic radiation; however, there is not any effective common treatment for radiation-induced diarrhea. A popular alternative is probiotics, which have been used in several gastrointestinal disorders. Probiotics are live microbial food supplements. Furthermore, honey is a putative nutritional with a variety of health effects, ...

Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction with or without Bracing

Background: Rupture of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) would cause instability and disability and if left untreated. Reconstruction is performed by different techniques including patellar bone graft, as the strongest device. Application of brace after ACL reconstructions has revealed doubtful results. Methods: One hundred ACL ruptured patients randomized into two groups were reconstructed with...